Friday 2 December 2011

Arabic Language


Arabic is a name applied to the descendants of the Classical Arabic language of the 6th century AD, used most prominently in the Quran, the Islamic Holy Book. This includes both the literary language and the spoken Arabic varieties, spoken in a wide arc of territory stretching across the Middle East and North Africa. Arabic is a Central Semitic language, closely related to Hebrew and theNeo-Aramaic languages, and also related to the South Semitic languages (e.g. Amharic in Ethiopia, Tigrinya in Ethiopia and Eritrea, and Mehri in Yemen and Oman) and the extinct East Semitic languages (e.g. Akkadian, first attested nearly 5,000 years ago). The written language is distinct from and more conservative than all of the spoken varieties, and the two exist in a state known as diglossia, used side-by-side for different societal functions.
Many of the spoken varieties are mutually unintelligible, and the varieties as a whole constitute a sociolinguistic language. This means that on purely linguistic grounds they would likely be considered to constitute more than one language, but are commonly grouped together as a single language for political and/or ethnic reasons. If considered multiple languages, it is unclear how many languages there would be, as the spoken varieties form a dialect chain with no clear boundaries. If Arabic is considered a single language, it counts more than 200 million first language speakers (according to some estimates, as high as 280 million), more than that of any other Semitic language. If considered separate languages, the most-spoken variety would likely be Egyptian Arabic, with more than 50,000,000 native speakers — still greater than any other Semitic language.
The modern written language (Modern Standard Arabic) is derived from the language of the Quran (known as Classical Arabic or Quranic Arabic). It is widely taught in schools, universities, and used to varying degrees in workplaces, government and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic, which is the official language of 26 states and the liturgical language of Islam. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the grammatical standards of Quranic Arabic and uses much of the same vocabulary. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpoint in the spoken varieties, and adopted certain new constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-Quranic era, especially in modern times.
Arabic is the only surviving member of the Old North Arabian dialect group, attested in Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions dating back to the 4th century. Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet, which is an abjad script, and is written from right-to-left.
Arabic has lent many words to other languages of the Islamic world, like Persian, Turkish, Urdu, Malay, Hausa and Hindi. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have also borrowed many words from it. Arabic influence is seen in Romance languages, particularly Spanish, Portuguese, and Sicilian, owing to both the proximity of European and Arab civilizations and 700 years of Muslim/Moorish rule in some parts of the Iberian peninsula.
Arabic has also borrowed words from many languages, including Hebrew, Greek, Persian and Syriac in early centuries,Turkish in medieval times and contemporary European languages in modern times. However, the current tendency is to coin new words using the existing lexical resources of the language, or to repurpose old words, rather than directly borrowing foreign words.


VarietyI love reading a lotWhen I went to the libraryI only found this old bookI wanted to read a book about the history of women in France.
Classical Arabic(liturgical or poetic only)ʾanā ʾuḥibbu l-qirāʾata kaṯīranʿindamā ḏahabtu ʾilā l-maktabatilam ʾajid ʾillā hāḏā l-kitāba l-qadīmakuntu ʾurīdu ʾan ʾaqraʾa kitāban ʿan tārīḫi l-marʾati fī-farānsā
Modern Standard Arabicʾanā ʾuḥibb al-qirāʾa kaṯīranʿindamā ḏahabtu ʾilā l-maktabahlam ʾajid ʾillā hāḏā l-kitāb al-qadīmkuntu ʾurīd ʾan ʾaqraʾ kitāb ʿan tārīḫ al-marʾa fī-farānsā
Moroccanana ʕziz ʕlija bzzaf nqramelli mʃit l-lmaktabalqit ɣir had l-ktab l-qdimkent baɣi nqra ktab ʕla tarix l-ʕjalat f-fransa
Tunisiane:ne nħibb il-qre:je barʃawaqtelli mʃi:t l il-maktbama-lqi:t-ʃ ke:n ha l-kte:b l-qdi:mkunt nħibb naqra kte:b ʕala tari:x l-mra fi fra:nsa
western libyanʾaniː nħieb ǀi-ɡraːja haǀbalamma mʃeːt lil-maktbamalgeːtiʃ ʾiːlla ha li-ktaːb le-gdiːmkunt nibi nagra ktaːb ʔleː tariːx e-nsawiːn fiː fraːnsa
Egyptianana baħebb el-ʔera:ja ʔawi'lamma roħt el-mak'tabama-l'ʔet-ʃ 'ella l-ke'ta:b el-ʔa'di:m daana kont-e ʕawz-aʔra kta:b ʕan tari:x el-setta:t fe fa'ransa
Urban Palestinianba'ħɪbb ᵊl-ʔɪ'ra:je kti:r'lamma 'rʊħᵊt ʕal-'maktabema la'ʔe:tᵊʃ 'illa ha-l-ᵊk'ta:b l-ᵊʔ'dīmka:n 'bɪddɪ 'ʔaʔra kta:b ʕan ta'rīx ᵊl-'mara fɪ f'ra:nsa
Lebanesekti:r bħibb il-ʔi'ræ:je'lamma 'reħit ʕal-'maktebema lʔēt 'illa ha-l-ik'tæ:b le-ʔ'di:mkæ:n 'beddi 'ʔeʔra ktæ:b ʕan te'rīx l-'mara b-'fræ:nse
Iraqi'a:ni a'ħibb el-q'ra:ja 'kulliʃ'lamman 'reħit lel-maktabama li'ge:t ɣe:r ha:ða l-keta:b al-qadi:mredet aqra keta:b ʕan tari:x al-ħarim eb-fransa
Saudi (Hijazi)'ana a'ħob il-gra:ja kθi:r'lamma roħt l-'mektebama lge:t ɣe:r ha:ða l-kta:b il-gedi:mkont abɣa agra kta:b ʕan tari:x il-ħari:m fi fransa[16]
Kuwaitiʔa:na wa:yed aħibb agra:lamman reħt al-maktabama lige:t illa hal keta:b al-gadi:mkent abi: agra keta:b an tari:x el-ħari:m eb fransa




Most of these forms are exclusively Classical Arabic
FormPastMeaningNon-pastMeaning
Ikataba"he wrote"yaktubu"he writes"
IIkattaba"he made (someone) write"yukattibu"he makes (someone) write"
IIIkātaba"he corresponded with, wrote to (someone)"yukātibu"he corresponds with, writes to (someone)"
IVʾaktaba"he dictated"yuktibu"he dictates"
Vtakattabanonexistentyatakattabunonexistent
VItakātaba"he corresponded (with someone, esp. mutually)"yatakātabu"he corresponds (with someone, esp. mutually)"
VIIinkataba"he subscribed"yankatibu"he subscribes"
VIIIiktataba"he copied"yaktatibu"he copies"
IXiḥmarra"he turned red"yaḥmarru"he turns red"
Xistaktaba"he asked (someone) to write"yastaktibu"he asks (someone) to write"


Hi!Salam!   سلام
Good morning!Sabah el kheer   صباح الخير
Good evening!Masaa el kheer   مساء الخير
Welcome! (to greet someone)Marhaban   مرحبا
How are you?Kaifa haloka/ haloki ( female)   كيف حالك؟
I'm fine, thanks!Ana bekhair, shokran!   أنا بخير شكرا
And you?Wa ant? / Wa anti? (female)   و أنت؟
Good/ So-So.Jayed/ 'aadee   جيد / عادي
Thank you (very much)!Shokran (jazeelan)   (شكرا (جزيلا
You're welcome! (for "thank you")Al’afw   ألعفو
Hey! Friend!Ahlan sadiqi/ sadiqati! (female)   أهلا صديقي /صديقتي!
I missed you so much!Eshtaqto elaika/ elaiki (female) katheeran   إشتقت إليك كثيرا
What's new?Maljadeed?   مالجديد؟
Nothing muchLashai jadeed   لا شيء جديد
Good night!Tosbeho/ tosbeheena (female) ‘ala khair/   تصبح/ تصبحين على خير
See you later!Araka/ Araki (female) fi ma ba'd   أراك في مابعد
Good bye!Ma’a salama   مع السلامة


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